Efficient nutrient absorption is a key determinant of plant growth and productivity. In conventional soil-based systems, plant roots absorb essential macro- and micronutrients from the soil solution, a dynamic medium influenced by pH, microbial activity, and nutrient availability. Soilless cultivation systems, including hydroponics, aeroponics, and nutrient film techniques, provide an alternative approach that allows precise control over nutrient delivery, water availability, and environmental conditions. These systems offer several advantages, including higher nutrient uptake efficiency, consistent plant growth, elimination of soil-borne pathogens, and reduced fertilizer losses, making them environmentally sustainable and resource-efficient. However, the absence of soil buffering necessitates careful monitoring of solution pH, electrical conductivity, and oxygenation to prevent nutrient imbalances and optimize root function. Root morphology, particularly the presence of fine roots and root hairs, plays a critical role in nutrient acquisition. Controlled soilless environments often stimulate denser and more branched root systems, enhancing nutrient and water absorption. Empirical studies indicate a strong correlation between root biomass and the uptake of key nutrients such as potassium, calcium, and nitrate in crops like lettuce and tomato. This review highlights the physiological mechanisms of nutrient absorption, the interaction of roots with the growth medium, and the advantages and challenges of soilless cultivation, providing insights for optimizing plant productivity in controlled agricultural systems.
Soilless cultivation, Hydroponics, Nutrient absorption, Root morphology, Nutrient solution management, Plant productivity
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